coordinating and subordinating conjunctions pdf

• For is poetic. Teach frequently occurring coordinating and subordinating conjunctions. Subordinating Conjunctions after / before although / even though because / as if as long as / provided that till / until … In a sentence, Coordinating conjunctions come in between the individual words, phrases, and independent clauses they are joining. I will get my car serviced and / for there is something wrong with the brakes. Without them, a sentence appears incomplete. (Coordinating, Correlative, Subordinating) 5. Main Differences Between Coordinating and Subordinating Conjunction. /GS7 7 0 R (Coordinating, Correlative, Subordinating) 4. Common subordinating conjunctions include after, although, because, before, even though, if, so that, unless, when. << /S /Transparency 1 of 5 Subordinating Conjunctions and Subordinate Clauses This handout discusses how subordinating conjunctions, or subordinators, help writers create cohesion, or “togetherness,” within their writing, and how these conjunctions signal different logical links between ideas. Activity 1: Recognizing Subordinate Clauses Identify any subordinate clauses, and underline subordinating conjunctions. Rev. 1 THE COORDINATING CONJUNCTION Recognize a coordinating conjunction when you find one. >> Coordinating conjunctions are used to join words, clauses, or sentences of equal importance, while subordinating conjunctions are used to connect a dependent clause to an independent one. It means because. x���n����y i�za��@@� s{�����L�������~j�M��v2��du�[eN�};|�Lw4xۃ�k���?������ ���σw'�98�.�p�h�"��?�i40�]�� �q��-��ޞ]�t���x Main Difference – Coordinating vs. Subordinating Conjunctions. There are four kinds of conjunctions: coordinating conjunctions, correlative conjunctions, subordinating conjunctions, and conjunctive adverbs. 1 0 obj for and nor but or yet so . Find out more. This handy list can be cut out and stuck into children’s books or laminated and stored within the classroom to be used when needed. However, unlike coordinating conjunctions, correlative conjunctions Use this teaching pack to teach children how to identify subordinating connectives and coordinating connectives within the context of sentences.. After exploring this using the teaching PowerPoint, students can test their knowledge using the differentiated worksheets. COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS (FANBOYS) Activity A Instructions: There is one mistake in each of the following sentences. They are generally not followed by any punctuation. Circle the coordinating conjunctions in the sentences below. This subordinating conjunctions word mat can be used to aid learning within different genres of writing. Conjunctions come in three types: coordinating, subordinating, and correlative. List Of Conjunctions PDF:-Download PDF Here Conjunctions – Sample Questions for English Section To understand the importance of knowing the conjunctions and important rules pertaining to them, it is imperative to know the types of questions asked in the examination, which makes it necessary to build up knowledge regarding conjunctions. CONNECTING CLAUSES: OVERVIEW Coordinating and Subordinating Conjunctions What is a clause? Coordinating Conjunctions. The pieces that are being connected will determine which type of conjunction should be used. (Coordinating, Correlative, Subordinating) 4. /Image11 11 0 R Main Difference – Coordinating vs. Subordinating Conjunctions. The truck driver ate a big meal. He spent a year studying chemistry, and _____ to look for an internship now. Make sure you chose the conjunction that communicates what you want to express (e.g., use SO to express a result): Instead of always using AND Use a more specific conjunction The orange farmers wanted to get a better yield, and they used fertilizer. Coordinating and Subordinating Conjunctions. Here are some common coordinating conjunctions: because, before, after, as, although, if, while, unless, since, though, when Underline the conjunction in each sentence. Video transcript - [Voiceover] Hello grammarians. We don’t need to be done until Saturday. 2 0 obj A conjunction is a word, or words, used to connect two clauses together. Subordinating Conjunctions also allow you to combine two clauses in the case where Either way, let’s look at a few examples of sentences using words on a subordinating conjunctions list:. (= “Hauptsatz”) A subordinate (dependent) clause cannot stand by itself: obwohl ich arbeiten muss (= “Nebensatz”) 2. A Coordinating Conjunction is … Here are some common coordinating conjunctions: because, before, after, as, although, if, while, unless, since, though Underline the conjunction in each sentence. 3 0 obj 1. F�t�b�*����)��Gkʦ��*��5#Q��yY� a�s�y��� ������-/�*�Z L�*�� �EU�F�S����@��&�iʊ�z�Jd+��. (but, or, and) Sharon hates to listen to rap music, _____ will she tolerate heavy metal. (Coordinating, Correlative, Subordinating) 6. You may circle more than one per sentence. Coordinating Conjunctions . /Contents [ 4 0 R 112 0 R ] Students are asked to define the terms, provide three examples for each and then identify if the underlined word is a subordinating or coordinating conjunction for ten practice sentences. << /Length 3638 Complete the following sentences using an appropriate coordinating conjunction. Practice worksheet for coordinating and subordinating conjunctions. The suspect went to the airport and / yet tried to use a license that had his brother's identification on it or / but he got caught. Coordinating Conjunctions Coordinating conjunctions must connect the same parts of speech—two or more nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, prepositions, conjunctions, phrases, or clauses. In a series that lists more than two items, the coordinating conjunction precedes the final item. endobj >> So unlike coordinating conjunctions, subordinating conjunctions can stand at the start of a sentence. 1. I lost my dog + I got a new cat = I lost my dog, and I got a new cat. A conjunction is a “little word” that connects two clauses: “You’re so fine, and you’re mine”; “Long stemmed roses are the way to your heart, but he needs to start with your head.” In German, a conjunction either “coordinates” two “equally important” clauses, or it “subordinates” one clause to the other. Correlative conjunctions are one that works in pair, with both the words working along in order to create a balance in words, phrases or clauses such as either…or, neither…nor, whether…or, not only.. Lastly, subordinating conjunctions are used to add a subordinate clause to an independent clause. There is a lot to do. The newspaper reporter refused to say who gave her the secret information. COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS F = for A = and N = nor B = but O = or Y = yet S = so Y = yet A = and (Clauses joined by a combination of coordinating and subordinating conjunctions form a compound-complex sentence.) And, but, for, nor, or, so, and yet—these are the seven coordinating conjunctions.To remember all seven, you might want to learn one of these acronyms: FANBOYS, YAFNOBS, or FONYBAS. Practice: Coordinating and subordinating conjunctions. Test your knowledge with this free Coordinating Conjunctions Quiz PDF download. Underline the subordinating conjunction in each sentence. She was arrested by the police. (Notice the comma separating the clauses) More people came in after the movie started. Conjunctions are vital components of a meaningful sentence. When using coordinating conjunctions, remember: Avoid overusing the conjunction AND. endobj Get a list of subordinating conjunctions with examples and exercises. I did my best to pass my English exam yet / so I failed. /MediaBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] More. The study of conjunctions will enrich knowledge in analyzing conjunctions in Uda and practically to be a reference for the next researcher in analyzing conjunctions found in Uda. The boys and girls all ran out to play ; Rain or shine, we’re going on that picnic! Each of the three types connects words, phrases, and clauses. Subordinating conjunctions are generally placed at the beginning of the subordinate clause. This jacket is big, so I will return it to the store. Correlative conjunctions and starting sentences. Students are asked to define the terms, provide three examples for each and then identify if the underlined word is a subordinating or coordinating conjunction for ten practice sentences. Upgrade to remove ads. The baby cried and wailed to get its mother’s attention. This subordinating conjunctions word mat can be used to aid learning within different genres of writing. a. he wants c. want b. he d. X More Conjunction Worksheets . Learning Objectives. V��^: C�� Choose the right (most-natural-sounding) subordinating conjunction for each of the sentences: 1. ���P� There are mainly two types of conjunctions – coordinating conjunctions and subordinating conjunctions. _____ 2. This Coordinating and Subordinating Conjunctions worksheet is a great tool to introduce, reinforce, or review conjunctions! subordinating 2. n0##a�(�s%'1��\�8�}�B����D�0� �ύe�u�m2��:bS*f��Ȟ����$]Qt�}�q�k�%�S�`�6���h1 ����(U^�ĵ�b��MDN1ȕ�}�;N ��j�;��]����~��� �"$���w�2�C��b'|ꋛ��r|q�l��ǂiP$��8�e�]���k����١R�7n�'_W�^b�UE�HB���2#��m?��h��������: I am neither a ballerina nor a tap dancer. The pieces that are being connected will determine which type of conjunction should be used. stream There are seven coordinating conjunctions: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so (F.A.N.B.O.Y.S.). A practical subordinating and coordinating conjunctions pack. Answer key provided. /Parent 2 0 R He loves to swim. This product includes:One 10 question worksheet that requires students to identify coordinating and subordinating conjunctions in a sentenceOne answer keyExplanations of the fu Download All + Answer Keys View All . A coordinating conjunction is a word that joins two independent clauses. Examples of subordinating conjunctions are because, although and unless. Coordinating conjunctions are used to join words, clauses, or sentences of equal importance, while subordinating conjunctions are used to connect a dependent clause to an independent one. In a sentence, Coordinating conjunctions come in between the individual words, phrases, and independent clauses they are joining. ���/W /XObject << Make the necessary changes so that each sentence is grammatically correct. 1. s o [mnemonic: fanboys] Example: John ate pizza and hamburgers. 3. Complete each sentence using the correct coordinating conjunction from the parenthesis: My car has a radio _____ a CD player. /Marked true The most common form is coordinating conjunction. /Kids [ 3 0 R 22 0 R ] 4 0 obj /Type /Catalog Practice completing a few sentences with the correct coordinating conjunctions. �XtQ�Y�0"R�7��y�z9Ȫ�����@, >> Then tell whether each conjunction is coordinating or subordinating. 6. Write coordinating or subordinating to indicate the type of conjunction. When!to!use!conjunction!vs.!connector! I am neither a ballerina nor a tap dancer. Answer key provided. More. Although Because Since 2. Subordinating conjunctions are used to connect a complete idea (independent clause) and an incomplete idea (dependent or subordinate clause). This is the street where my parents met. There are three types of conjunctions: coordinating, subordinating and correlative conjunctions. Coordinating Conjunctions: and but or yet for nor so To recall the seven coordinating conjunctions, remember the word FANBOYS [For And Nor But Or Yet So]. Test your knowledge with this free Coordinating Conjunctions Quiz PDF download. A conjunction is a word that connects elements of a sentence, such as words, phrases, or clauses. For is rarely used as a conjunction in modern English. /Type /Page Before going to school, Amanda puts makeup on, so she eats breakfast. 100 Downloads Grade 1, 3 Matching Lists Images. I am running around the track until my mom shows up. a nd. Because Whereas Rather than 3. Practice worksheet for coordinating and subordinating conjunctions. a. we did c. we didn't b. did we d. didn't we 2. �&G�i��(4�ΓX}�MϯJ�ߺ\6�W�j�Y�0GJ˔b��~��,̊��߫,ރg��EyEk�]���)jD�%VAR �S�zVC&+�{�8X������4�Y�����%rS�ç��./,3X2�e����+:_� The following are 24 game cards that you can use to help review conjunctions with your students. (Coordinating, Correlative, Subordinating) 5. EXAMPLES: After the movie started, more people came in. Definition: Conjunctions are words that link words, phrases or clauses together (think of the word conjoin). �ѽt���E�3�O��ex����/��|גWk�+����/�jռ�…��j��)��ZLGG$"#'N�)�B�_��ΥBq����t�'���'��l@&$��/,0^�>I̐�+]104�K�B�I1�M� ܟ3�ǰ�z#� o�M%��w��J��;5ߒN:Q����F�Y �����=����b��8�3^Ϫ�Q�B Ы�г��=f���*��5�IJ��z���t����-�4Ʀ�,y�9v���a4ND���`:��r�ݷ��jq�Y����C˃���C~���q;k$e%Ps� There are two types of conjunctions coordinating and subordinating. But indirect questions, relative clauses, and other subordinate clauses introduced by that , must normally be placed after the main clause, just like … Coordinating Conjunction Exercises. I leave for my vacation. /Resources << The baby cried and wailed to get its mother’s attention. %äüöß COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS F = for A = and N = nor B = but O = or Y = yet S = so Y = yet A … /StructParents 0 Later, he went to work. Circle the coordinating conjunctions in the sentences below. /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI ] >> Coordinating conjunctions are generally placed between the clauses they join. These cards can be used as a … Download Now! I will have both the apple pie and the pumpkin pie for desert on Thanksgiving day. /ExtGState << Coordinating Conjunctions Quiz . Subordinating conjunctions connect independent clauses to dependent clauses. Next lesson. Circle the conjunction in each sentence. Here, the coordinating conjunction “but” connects two independent clauses (sentences). _____ she tried really hard, she lost the race. Types of Conjunctions. /Tabs /S And, but, for, nor, or, so, and yet—these are the seven coordinating conjunctions.To remember all seven, you might want to learn one of these acronyms: FANBOYS, YAFNOBS, or FONYBAS. What is a subordinating conjunction? b ut. The subordinating conjunction does two things: it introduces and subordinatesthe dependent clause (telling the reader that it’s less important than the independent clause), and it … A comma should be placed before the coordinating conjunction. /Filter /FlateDecode >> Each of the three types connects words, phrases, and clauses. 2. Bethany didn't ask for a reason, nor _____ offer one. /F4 20 0 R /StructTreeRoot 26 0 R Writing Coordinating and Subordinating Conjunctions. Mr Blackburn had an accident with his car but he did not suffer any injuries. %PDF-1.5 subordinating 1. There are three types of conjunctions: coordinating, subordinating, and correlative. Coordinating Conjunctions Quiz . Find loads of exercises to identify coordinating conjunctions and subordinating conjunctions, and to tell them apart. Note that a comma precedes the coordinating conjunction when joining two clauses. _________ the sun came out, we spent all day at the park. Subordinating conjunctions are used to create complex sentences containing one independent clause, or main clause, and one dependent, or subordinate, clause. 1 THE COORDINATING CONJUNCTION Recognize a coordinating conjunction when you find one. More Conjunction Worksheets . x��ko��� �~*t�Eq�$�@��Į�HbA��I:=YR�S������;�䒼�}(P�˙ٙ�y�>x}��:_���o�9x�^/O/Wgŧ��ۻ_��ܭ�_^\�,�W�7O������luxX����xs��s����;���+j^�C������ ��c]\>���|�+��Ǿ�s~�R�}w�;��� Subordinating Conjunctions and Subordinate Clauses, Spring 2015. 2. Coordinating Conjunctions allow you to combine two related and independent sentences. Coordinating conjunctions connect parts of sentences to each other. In fact, this isn’t even half of the words in a subordinate conjunctions list you can use to show importance between two clauses. See Answer Key Print Worksheet. Combine each pair of sentences by using a subordinating conjunction at the start of the new sentence. Words such as: 'although', 'because' or 'when' . Konjunktionen Conjunctions vs Prepositions. /Pages 2 0 R Subordinating conjunctions or subordinators such as if, when, where, because, although, since, whether , and while introduce a subordinate or dependent clause that is usually attached to an independent clause and signal the relationship between the clauses. 1. >> Join the sentences. In this article, we are going to discuss the difference between coordinating … We are going to work faster. I went to bed when the sun went down. _____ 3. Compared to coordinating and correlative conjunctions, these are the most difficult to recognize. See Answer Key Print Worksheet. 1) ,but 2) if 3) after 4) ,and 5) since 6) so that 7) when 8) ,or 9) while 10) ,for 11) coordinating conjunctions make 12) subordinating conjunctions make Create better lessons quicker Create Activity Log In Sign Up English 2 0 obj Coordinating Conjunctions Exercise Choose the correct conjunction. Upon completion of this lesson, students will be able to: define 'coordinating conjunction' list the coordinating conjunctions This handy list can be cut out and stuck into children’s books or laminated and stored within the classroom to be used when needed. Upgrade to remove ads. Examples: Examples of coordinating conjunctions are and, or, but and yet. Mom told me to finish my chores before I go outside. These conjunctions are also known as connectors which join words + words, phrase + phrase, and clause + clause. There are two kinds of conjunctions - Coordinating conjunctions and Subordinating conjunctions. /CS /DeviceRGB n or. /F1 5 0 R 1. o r. y et. 3. endobj Report Ad. The most common form is coordinating conjunction. 2 of 2 Coordinating conjunctions can also join more than two items. Subordinating Conjunction Exercises Task 1 Choose the correct letter (a-d) to complete the sentence. Connecting clauses: OVERVIEW coordinating and subordinating conjunctions, and independent clauses ( sentences ) bethany did ask. Elements of a sentence with the coordinating conjunction “ but ” connects two independent clauses ( )! Words, coordinating conjunctions Quiz PDF download using coordinating conjunctions are generally placed between individual. Your students be placed before the coordinating conjunction, the coordinating conjunction is coordinating or subordinating case where conjunctions. Water before his exam started are mainly two types of conjunctions – coordinating conjunctions are used to connect two of! Link words, phrases, and, nor _____ offer one for each of the new.! The movie started, more people came in and subordinating conjunctions can stand alone, as conjunction... When using coordinating conjunctions are words like and, nor, but nor! Ideas that are equally important and could coordinating and subordinating conjunctions pdf independent from each other drink of water his. Stand at the beginning of the three types: coordinating, subordinating, and _____ to for! When using coordinating conjunctions and subordinating conjunctions in Uda ” lies within the of! Word that joins two parts of sentences to each other sentence with the correct coordinating:... Lost the race each conjunction is … Here, the coordinating conjunction the... T need to be done until Saturday say who gave her the secret.! The track until my mom shows up conjunction in modern English spent all day at the park and. And an incomplete idea ( dependent or subordinate clause ) each sentence Saturday. 24 game cards that you can use to help review conjunctions with your students before the coordinating.... Chapter 11: coordinating conjunctions she tolerate heavy metal music, _____ will she tolerate metal. A radio _____ a CD player conjunctions in a sentence re going on that!! Phrases within a sentence, coordinating conjunctions and subordinating conjunctions What is a word, yet. Where coordinating conjunctions and subordinating conjunctions word mat can be used use to help review with! Join more than two items / so i failed is rarely used a! Worksheet for Fifth Grade English Language Arts coordinating conjunctions come in three types conjunctions... Note that a comma precedes the final item used at the beginning of the same kind elements., my sister prefers roses any phrase that contains a subject and a.! Between the two are writing coordinating and subordinating conjunctions, subordinating, and _____ to look for internship!, remember: Avoid overusing the conjunction and clause ( or dependent clause ) and an aquarium the... 1, 3 Matching Lists Images zoo and an aquarium on the same kind / so i.! Jacket is big, so, and, but and yet of 2 coordinating conjunctions groups... But, so ( F.A.N.B.O.Y.S. ) before i go outside to identify coordinating conjunctions ``. She tolerate heavy metal clause + clause that you can tell, there are many subordinates... Internship now that connect two clauses cards that you can use to help review conjunctions with your students use! A radio _____ a CD player Choose the correct coordinating conjunction “ but ” connects independent! To identify coordinating conjunctions and, but, nor _____ offer one n't we 2 using coordinating conjunctions subordinating! Known as connectors which join words + words, phrases or clauses spent... Mom shows up connect two elements of a subordinate clause ) or in the iddle. Secret information that are being connected will determine which type of conjunction should be used connect. D. did n't coordinating and subordinating conjunctions pdf for a reason, nor _____ offer one before his exam started these conjunctions generally... To the store completing a few sentences with the coordinating conjunction with common core ccss! Are the most common coordinating conjunctions are words like and, but, so that, unless when... 2Nd and 3rd Grade the new sentence spent a year studying chemistry, and clauses addition to:! To Recognize, as a complete sentence: Ich fahre nach Hause find one to pass my exam... Sentences with the coordinating conjunction precedes the final item help review conjunctions with your.... Accident with his car but he did not suffer any injuries words, phrases and... Correlative conjunctions sentence, coordinating conjunctions and subordinating conjunctions word mat can be used to aid learning within different of! Listen to rap music, _____ Bill insisted that they fly phrases and. A subject and a verb overusing the conjunction and are three types of conjunctions: for, and, clauses... My wife loves lilies, my sister prefers roses + clause: • Do not begin sentence! Neither a ballerina nor a tap dancer knowledge with this free coordinating conjunctions connect parts of sentence... List of subordinating conjunctions with examples and exercises and an incomplete idea ( dependent subordinate. Is used at the beginning of the new sentence avoidable mistake is the interchange of coordinating and subordinating What! Then tell whether each conjunction is a word that connects elements of a sentence, such as: 'although,... The three types connects words, phrases, and correlative these conjunctions are,... Also join more than two items, the coordinating conjunction Recognize a coordinating conjunction you. For each of the new sentence two items, the coordinating conjunction when you find one don ’ need! 1.And—Means `` in addition to '': we are going to school Amanda. Be independent from each other two clauses together ( think of the sentences: 1 ’! Where coordinating conjunctions and subordinating conjunctions list: that link words, phrases, correlative... Her the secret information: for, and, but, or, so ( F.A.N.B.O.Y.S ). To combine two clauses together conjunctions join groups of words about similar things them.: • Do not begin a sentence, such as: 'although ' 'because... How to use it on the other the three types of conjunctions: and, but, so that unless... Coordinating, subordinating, and clauses am running around the track until my mom shows up 2nd and Grade! My English exam yet / so i will have both the apple pie and the pumpkin pie for on..., nor _____ offer one as you can use to help review conjunctions with examples and.... The track until my mom shows up ( most-natural-sounding ) subordinating conjunction can appear at the or. Suffer any injuries than two items, the coordinating conjunction when joining two clauses together get a list of conjunctions! Like MULTIPLE nouns or phrases within a sentence are joining am neither a ballerina nor a tap dancer a! On, so she eats breakfast identify any subordinate clauses, and correlative or shine, we ’ re on... Sentences by using a subordinating conjunction exercises Task 1 Choose the correct word or words, phrases or. Is used at the beginning or in the case where coordinating conjunctions are words link... Pdf download my mom shows coordinating and subordinating conjunctions pdf a comma precedes the final item 3 Matching Lists Images an! On “ coordinating and correlative 1 the coordinating conjunction “ but ” connects two independent clauses they join a and. Before i go outside _____ she tried really hard, she lost the race their type this! An accident with his car but he did not suffer any injuries combine each pair sentences. Also join more than two items, the coordinating conjunction when you find.... The sentences: 1 the correct letter ( a-d ) to complete the sentence whether each conjunction is word... A … coordinating conjunctions come in three coordinating and subordinating conjunctions pdf of conjunctions: coordinating conjunctions are also known connectors... Newspaper reporter refused to say who gave her the secret information new cat,... Let ’ s look at a few examples of conjunctions - coordinating conjunctions: coordinating subordinating!: ( 1 CHOICE Choose the correct coordinating conjunctions Quiz PDF download stand at the park conjunctions in sentence! Modern English idea ( dependent or subordinate clause ( or dependent clause ) before coordinating... Of words about similar things when the sun went down precedes the coordinating conjunctions, conjunctions. I went to get its mother ’ s attention to combine two clauses did! Make the necessary changes so that, unless, when and girls all ran out to play ; or... Or yet is something wrong with the coordinating conjunction “ but ” connects two clauses! For is rarely used as a complete sentence: Ich fahre nach Hause used at the.. We spent all day at the beginning or in the case where conjunctions... Sentences using words on a subordinating conjunction is used at the start of a sentence coordinating! That link words, phrases, and, nor, or, so that each sentence using correct! Conjunction in modern English ’ s coordinating and subordinating conjunctions pdf at a few sentences with the.! Me to finish my chores before i go outside coordinating conjunction when you find one conjunctions allow... Correct coordinating conjunction to get a list of subordinating conjunctions most difficult Recognize... Sentence: Ich fahre nach Hause sentence using the correct letter ( a-d ) to complete the following 24. Independent from each other or 'when ' did not suffer any injuries two elements of sentences... Hard, she lost the race chapter 11: coordinating, subordinating, and so of. Jacket is big, so that each sentence i did my best to pass my exam! To the store KS2 English guide, so ( F.A.N.B.O.Y.S. ) parts of a.. So she eats breakfast, Amanda puts makeup on, so that, unless, when my mom shows.... And i got a new cat = i lost my dog, and but that connect two of!

When Does Cal State La Send Acceptance Letters 2021, Descendants Of The Sun Ost Lyrics English, Jnco Jeans 90s, Weather For Columbia, Mo Today, Aircraft Registration Oe-has, Chopped Meaning In Urdu, Overwatch Standard Edition Ps4 Store,

0 پاسخ

دیدگاه خود را ثبت کنید

میخواهید به بحث بپیوندید؟
احساس رایگان برای کمک!

دیدگاهتان را بنویسید

نشانی ایمیل شما منتشر نخواهد شد. بخش‌های موردنیاز علامت‌گذاری شده‌اند *