who founded shintoism

[129], A purification ceremony known as misogi involves the use of fresh water, salt water, or salt to remove kegare. [15] Moreover, religion as a concept arose in Europe and many of the connotations that the term has in Western culture "do not readily apply" to Shinto. [94], The origin of the kami and of Japan itself are recounted in two eighth-century texts, Kojiki and Nihon Shoki,[95] although the accounts they provide differ in part. [378] The priest Gyogi conferred boddhisattva precepts on the Emperor in 749 effectively making the Imperial line the head of state and divine to Shinto while beholden to Buddhism.[379]. With the establishment of Buddhism in Japan during the Nara and Heian periods (710 - 1185 AD), Shinto quickly came under its influence as well as that of Confucianism and Chinese culture as a whole. According to the Kojiki and the Nihon Shoki, Ame-no-Uzume performed a dance to entice Amaterasu out of the cave in which she had hidden herself. [121] In Japanese thought, humans are seen as fundamentally pure. [279] They can be decorated with miniature torii and shimenawa and include amulets obtained from public shrines. [336], The formal recognition of events is given great importance in Japanese culture. [130] At shrines, this entails sprinkling this water onto the face and hands, a procedure known as temizu,[260] using a font known as a temizuya. Fridell argues that scholars call the period from 1868–1945 the "State Shinto period" because, "during these decades, Shinto elements came under a great deal of overt state influence and control as the Japanese government systematically utilized shrine worship as a major force for mobilizing imperial loyalties on behalf of modern nation-building. Most likely, after the arrival of the earliest ancestors of today's Japanese, each tribe and area had its own collection of gods and rituals with no formal relationship between each of the areas. [165] Jinja is usually translated as "shrine" in English,[166] although in earlier literature was sometimes translated as "temple",[5] a term now more commonly reserved for Japan's Buddhist structures. [254], People often ask the kami to help offset inauspicious events that may affect them. [279] They often contain a stand on which to place offerings;[190] daily offerings of rice, salt, and water are placed there, with sake and other items also offered on special days. Please also opt me in for Exclusive Offers from Patheos’s Partners. Shinto does not emphasize specific moral codes although it places a major conceptual focus on ensuring purity, largely by cleaning practices such as ritual washing and bathing. [38] Physical objects or places in which the kami are believed to have a presence are termed shintai;[72] objects inhabited by the kami that are placed in the shrine are known as go-shintai. [2] Shinto seeks to cultivate and ensure a harmonious relationship between humans and the kami and thus with the natural world. [266] In the contemporary period, lay worshippers usually give gifts of money to the kami while priests generally offer them food, drink, and sprigs of the sacred sakaki tree. 1 decade ago. No. [8] Unlike many religions, Shinto does not have a founder nor does it honor a single god. [412] Japanese secular academics who questioned the historical claims made by the Imperial institution for various Shinto historical facts and ceremonies, or who personally refused to take part in certain Shinto rituals, could lose their jobs and livelihood. [118] Bocking noted that most Japanese people are "still 'born Shinto' yet 'die Buddhist'. [245] They typically comprise a tapering piece of wood onto which the name of the shrine and its enshrined kami are written or printed. When the Japanese people and Japanese culture became aware of themselves, Shinto was already there. When the Japanese people and Japanese culture became aware of themselves, Shinto was already there. [132] An alternative is immersion beneath a waterfall. [31] In various eras of the past, there was also a "State Shinto", in which Shinto beliefs and practices were closely interlinked with the Japanese state. [291] Several forms of divination entailing archery are also practiced in Shintō, known as yabusame, omato-shinji, and mato-i. [55] This use of the term Shinto became increasingly popular from the 18th century. [102] The kami instructed Izanagi and Izanami to create land on earth. [395] Post-war, various legal debates have occurred over the involvement of public officials in Shinto. "[311] [293] The historian Helen Hardacre noted that it was the Yayoi period of Japanese prehistory which was the "first to leave artifacts that can reasonably be linked to the later development of Shinto". [101] Three kami then appeared: Amenominakanushi, Takamimusuhi no Mikoto, and Kamimusuhi no Mikoto. [326] Many people visit public shrines to celebrate new year;[327] this "first visit" of the year is known as hatsumōde or hatsumairi. [225] The priest Gyogi went to Ise Daijingu Shrine for blessings to build the Buddha Dainichi. [409] Following the collapse of the empire, many of these shrines were disbanded. There is also vocal accompaniment called kami uta in which the drummer sings sacred songs to the kami. [263], The acts of purification accomplished, petitions known as norito are spoken to the kami. What Is the Purpose of Spiritual Gifts, and How Do You Discover Yours? [108] According to the Kojiki, Amaterasu then sent her grandson, Ninigi, to rule Japan, giving him curved beads, a mirror, and a sword: the symbols of Japanese imperial authority. [384] A project of forcible separating kami worship from Buddhism as implemented, with Buddhist monks, deities, buildings, and rituals being banned from kami shrines. Shinto, indigenous religious beliefs and practices of Japan. The latter term derives from shū ('sect') and kyō ('doctrine'). TEH TYME KITTEH =^..^= Lv 5. [236] Miko receive only a small salary but gain respect from members of the local community and learn skills such as cooking, calligraphy, painting, and etiquette which can benefit them when later searching for employment or a marriage partner. "[6] While various institutions and practices associated with Shinto existed in Japan by the 8th century,[7] various scholars have argued that Shinto as a distinct religion was essentially "invented" during the 19th century, in Japan's Meiji era. The word Shinto comes from the Chinese word Shen-tao, which means “the way of the gods.” A major feature of Shinto is the notion of kami, the concept of sacred power in both animate and inanimate objects. Depending on the style, it is performed by miko or by actors wearing masks to portray various mythological figures. [43] The Chinese term Shendao was originally adopted into Japanese as Jindō;[44] this was possibly first used as a Buddhist term to refer to non-Buddhist deities. Shintoism is an ancient religion that originated in Japanese culture. The recipient makes a wish and paints one eye; when the goal is accomplished, the recipient paints the other eye. [158] The scholar Aike P. Rots suggested that the repositioning of Shinto as a "nature religion" may have grown in popularity as a means of disassociating the religion from controversial issues "related to war memory and imperial patronage. [366] As part of this, the Jingikan ("Council of Kami") was created to conduct rites of state and coordinate provincial ritual with that in the capital. So as Hinduism is a religion, there must be some founder. How and when was this religion created? [73] Objects commonly chosen for this purpose include mirrors, swords, stones, beads, and inscribed tablets. [359] Contemporary education standards have all but eradicated the need for specialized training for the blind. The kami came to be viewed as part of Buddhist cosmology and were increasingly depicted anthropomorphically. [369] An annual calendar of state rites were espoused to help unify Japan through kami worship. One of these was a fire kami, whose birth killed Izanami. There was no theological study that could be called "Shinto" during medieval and early modern Japanese history, and a mixture of Buddhist and popular beliefs proliferated. There are 100,000 Shinto shrines in Japan. [31] Different types of Shinto have been identified. Thus, "Shinto membership" is often estimated counting only those who do join organised Shinto sects. Inoue considered it part of "the family of East-Asian religions". How Awake Are We? These funds are used to pay the wages of the priests, to finance the upkeep of the buildings, to cover the shrine's membership fees of various regional and national Shinto groups, and to contribute to disaster relief funds. [383] Among these reformers, Buddhism was seen as a corrupting influence that had undermined what they envisioned as Japan's original purity and greatness. [79] More localised kami may be subject to feelings of intimacy and familiarity from members of the local community that are not directed towards more widespread kami like Amaterasu. [118] The invocation of the dead, and especially the war dead, is known as shokon. [48] In these early Japanese uses, the word Shinto did not apply to a distinct religious tradition nor to anything uniquely Japanese;[49] the 11th century Konjaku monogatarishui for instance refers to a woman in China practicing Shinto, and also to people in India worshipping kami, indicating these terms were being used to describe religions outside Japan itself. "[306], There are two broad types of kagura. Shinto is a general term for the activities of the people of Japanese descent to worship all the deities of heaven and earth, and at the end of the 6th century the Japanese were conscious of these activities and called them the “Way of Kami” (the deity or the deities)'. This purifies the site and asks the kami to bless it. [157] Critical commentators have characterised the presentation of Shinto as an environmentalist movement as a rhetorical ploy rather than a concerted effort by Shinto institutions to become environmentally sustainable. During the U.S. occupation, a new constitution was drawn up. For example, he linked Amaterasu (the sun kami and ancestor of the Imperial family) with Dainichi Nyorai, a central manifestation of the Buddhists, whose name means literally "Great Sun Buddha". With the formation of the Japanese Empire in the early 20th century, Shinto was exported to other areas of East Asia. [136] Fire, also, is perceived as a source of purification. There is also no sacred book such as the Bible or holy place to pray to. [255] Certain directions can also be seen as being inauspicious for certain people at certain times and thus people can approach the kami asking them to offset this problem if they have to travel in one of these unlucky directions. [413] During the 20th century, most academic research on Shinto was conducted by Shinto theologians, often priests. [309] These actors are accompanied by a hayashi band using flutes and drums. Part of his analysis is that this obfuscation was a cloak for Japanese ethnic nationalism used by state institutions especially in the Meiji and post war era to underpin the Japanese national identity. Who founded shintoism and when? The institution now called Shinto was initially created by the Yamato clan in their bid to assume rulership of the Japanese islands. [210] Many kannushi take on the role in a line of hereditary succession traced down specific families. [237] Individual worship conducted at a shrine is known as hairei. [152] Another issue of considerable debate has been the activities of the Yasukuni Shrine in Tokyo. [196] Large lanterns, known as tōrō, are often found within these precints. [42], The term Shinto derives from the combination of two Chinese characters: shen (神), which means kami, and dao (道), which means "way", "road" or "path". Shinto History. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. [338] For instance, in the Okunchi festival held in the southwestern city of Nagasaki, the kami of the Suwa Shrine are paraded down to Ohato, where they are placed in a shrine there for several days before being paraded back to Suwa. [182] Collectively, the central buildings of a shrine are known as the shaden,[183] while its precincts are known as the keidaichi[184] or shin'en. [317] Other days, known as ke-no-hi, were generally avoided for festivities. No known founder. Other kami followed, including a brother and sister, Izanagi and Izanami. Shinto believes in the kami, a divine power that can be found in all things. There are approximately 4 million followers of Shintoism worldwide. [89] As part of this, the kami is invited to enter a new place, where it can be venerated, with the instalment ceremony being known as a kanjo. [33] The prominent Shinto theologian Sokyo Ono for instance described kami worship was "an expression" of the Japanese "native racial faith which arose in the mystic days of remote antiquity" and that it was "as indigenous as the people that brought the Japanese nation into existence". Relevance. [317] They sometimes involve ta-asobi ceremonies, in which rice is ritually planted. [149] As a result of these associations, Shinto is still viewed suspiciously by various civil liberties groups in Japan and by many of Japan's neighbours. This both enshrined freedom of religion in Japan and initiated the separation of church and state, a measure designed to eradicate "state Shinto" (kokka shinto). [131] This act links with the mythological tale in which Izanagi immersed himself in the sea to purify himself after discovering his deceased wife; it was from this act that other kami sprang from his body. [392] In 1956 the association issued a creedal statement, the keishin seikatsu no kōryō ("general characteristics of a life lived in reverence of the kami"), to summarise what they regarded as the principles of Shinto practice. This generated both domestic and international condemnation, particularly from China and Korea. [250] Requests for rain, known as amagoi ('rain-soliciting') have been found across Japan, with Inari a popular choice for such requests. [385] Hereditary priesthoods were abolished and a new state-sanctioned system for appointing priests was introduced. [385] At this festival people sing as accompaniment to the dance: "Depart! Shintoism had no specific founder but it eventually became the official religion of Japan. [114] The mythological texts nevertheless do not draw firm demarcations between these realms. [240] The general procedure entails an individual approaching the honden, where the practitioners places a monetary offering in a box before ringing a bell to call the attention of the kami. [93] These are believed to inflict suffering on the living, meaning that they must be pacified, usually through Buddhist rites but sometimes through enshrining them as a kami. [373] Several years later, the Nihon shoki was written. [260] The priest waves the haraigushi horizontally over a person or object being purified in a movement known as sa-yu-sa ("left-right-left"). [188] The exact details of these torii varies and there are at least twenty different styles. Its two chief books are Kojiki (Records of Ancient Matters) and Nihon shoki (Chronicles of Japan), written in 712 and 720, respectively. [21] Their architectural form is distinctly Japanese, although the decision to paint most of them in vermillion reflects a Chinese influence dating from the Nara period. The earliest written tradition regarding kami worship was recorded in the eighth-century Kojiki and Nihon Shoki. In 2009, less than 20 remained, all over the age of 40. [365] From the eighth century, Shinto and Buddhism were thoroughly intertwined in Japanese society. [213] The number of priests at a particular shrine can vary; some shrines can have over 12 priests, and others have none, instead being administered by local lay volunteers. There is no real founder of Shintoism. [18] Its views of kannagara influence certain ethical views, focused on sincerity (makoto) and honesty (tadashii). [170] They are found all over the country, from isolated rural areas to dense metropolitan ones. The scholar of religion Ninian Smart for instance suggested that one could "speak of the kami religion of Japan, which lived symbiotically with organized Buddhism, and only later was institutionalized as Shinto. It is one of the world’s oldest religions. Taoism (Daoism) Shintoism Mahayana Buddhism By. The scholar of religion Clark B. Offner stated that Shinto's focus was on "maintaining communal, ceremonial traditions for the purpose of human (communal) well-being". [259] Using fresh water or salt water, this is known as misogi. [325] There is little difference between winter festivals and specific new year festivals. [154] Shinto shrines have increasingly emphasised the preservation of the forests surrounding many of them,[155] and several shrines have collaborated with local environmentalist campaigns. [410] Japanese migrants established several shrines in Brazil. [208], Shrines may be cared for by priests, by local communities, or by families on whose property the shrine is found. This rite of purification is also known as chinkon. [146], Throughout Japanese history, the notion of saisei-itchi, or the union of religious authority and political authority, has long been prominent. [203] This has continued into recent times at certain sites, such as the Ise Grand Shrine, which is moved to an adjacent site every two decades. [150] In other cases, priests have opposed construction projects on shrine-owned land, sometimes putting them at odds with other interest groups. Start studying Shintoism. Answer to: Who is the founder of Shintoism? [234] In many cases they are the daughters of a priest or a practitioner. [9] Inoue Nobutaka stated that "Shinto cannot be considered as a single religious system that existed from the ancient to the modern period",[10] while the historian Kuroda Toshio noted that "before modern times Shinto did not exist as an independent religion". The web's source of information for Ancient History: definitions, articles, timelines, maps, books, and illustrations. There, an annual festival is held beside the Entsuji Buddhist temple, which hangs signs disavowing any connection to the itako. [349] Five years later, this was extended to cover the entire Japanese population. [347] Although not common, there have been examples of funerals conducted through Shinto rites. [264] This act is known as hōbei;[219] the offerings themselves as saimotsu[199] or sonae-mono. From the eighth century onward up until the Meiji era, the kami were incorporated into a Buddhist cosmology in various ways. Classified as an East Asian religion by scholars of religion, its practitioners often regard it as Japan's indigenous religion and as a nature religion. Anonymous. Shinto has no founder in the sense that Buddhism or Christianity has a founder, nor is there an individual or group of individuals who were responsible for developing Shinto as a religion. [163], Public spaces in which the kami are worshipped are often known under the generic term jinja ("kami-place");[164] this term applies to the location rather than to a specific building. Lv 7. 1 Questions & Answers Place. [232] These miko are typically unmarried,[233], although not necessarily virgins. Shintoism is an Ancient religion of Japan. [387], In 1882, the Meiji government designated 13 religious movements that were neither Buddhist nor Christian to be forms of "Sect Shinto". [279] Prior to giving these offerings, practitioners often bathe, rinse their mouth, or wash their hands as a form of purification. [387] Shinto effectively became the state cult, one promoted with growing zeal in the build-up to the Second World War. [88] 0 0. Sanehi Bharaj (leader), Danny Choi, Joy Huang, Christine Lu, Ariana Maksumov, Dinely Martinez, Ximena Mendoza. [391] This disestablishment meant that the government subsidies to shrines ceased, although it also provided shrines with renewed freedom to organise their own affairs. Determining the proportions of the country's population who engage in Shinto activity is hindered by the fact that, if asked, Japanese people will often say "I have no religion". [342] Another rite of passage, the saiten-sai or seijin shiki, is a coming of age ritual marking the transition to adulthood and occurs when an individual is around twenty. [28] In the early 21st century it became increasingly common for practitioners to call Shinto a nature religion. [207] From the Heian period on, the en-gi were often retold on picture scrolls known as emakimono. [308] It is also performed at the Imperial harvest festival and at major shrines such as Ise, Kamo, and Iwashimizu Hachiman-gū. Through contacting these spirits, she is able to convey their messages to the living. Sponsored link. Who Founded Hinduism? Numerically, it is Japan's largest religion, the second being Buddhism. "[149] In Shinto thought, contact with death is seen as imparting impurity (kegare); the period following this contact is known as kibuku and is associated with various taboos. [380] Alternative approaches viewed the kami as benevolent entities who protected Buddhism, or that the kami were themselves Buddhas, or beings who had achieved enlightenment. The Japanese people have a fierce love for their land and believe that the Japanese islands were the very first divine creation. [292] Kitagawa stated that there could be "no doubt" that various types of "shamanic diviners" played a role in early Japanese religion. The shrine is devoted to Japan's war dead, and in 1979 it enshrined 14 men, including Hideki Tojo, who had been declared Class-A defendants at the 1946 Tokyo War Crimes Trials. [65] In Japanese it is often applied to the power of phenomena that inspire a sense of wonder and awe in the beholder. [396] In 1965, for instance, the city of Tsu, Mie Prefecture paid four Shinto priests to purify the site where the municipal athletic hall was to be built. Ise Jingu is Shinto's most sacred shrine. [378], During this time, Buddhism becomes structurally established within Japan by Emperor Shōmu (r. 724–749), and several large building projects are undertaken. [189] These are regarded as demarcating the area where the kami resides;[21] passing under them is often viewed as a form of purification. [298] Ofuda are provided both at Shinto shrines and Buddhist temples. [139], Earhart commented that Shinto ultimately "emerged from the beliefs and practices of prehistoric Japan",[360] although Kitagawa noted that it was questionable whether prehistoric Japanese religions could be accurately termed "early Shinto". Shinto is wholly devoted to life in this world and emphasises man's essential goodness. For instance, people may ask that the priest approaches the kami so as to purify their car in the hope that this will prevent it from being involved in an accident. [182] The other main type is sato-kagura, descended from mikagura and performed at shrines across Japan. Favorite Answer. [citation needed] [358]:31 In contemporary Japan, itako are on the decline. Not surprisingly, Shintoism is not popular outside of Japan. [182] There are also other, regional types of kagura. [408], Jinja established outside of Japan itself are known as kaigai jinja ("overseas shrines"), a term coined by Ogasawara Shōzō. [118] A common view among Shinto priests is that the dead continue to inhabit our world and work towards the prosperity of their descendants and the land. Answer: Shintoism is a purely Japanese religion, the origins of which are buried in the hazy mists of ancient Japanese history. [388] In the Meiji period, many local traditions died out and were replaced by nationally standardised practices encouraged from Tokyo.[140]. After this, the kami becomes her tutelary spirit and she will henceforth be able to call upon it, and a range of other spirits, in future. Shinto kami are commonly being seen by Buddhist clergy as guardians of manifestation, guardians, or pupils of Buddhas and bodhisattvas. [293] A form of divination previously common in Japan was bokusen or uranai, which often used tortoise shells; it is still used in some places. [370] Hardacre saw the Jingikan as "the institutional origin of Shinto". There is no central authority in control of Shinto and much diversity exists among practitioners. [271] One style of music performed at shrines is gagaku. [115] [348] In recent decades, Shinto funerals have usually been reserved for Shinto priests and for members of certain Shinto sects. It was a culture that basically flourished in India, which later took the form of a great religion. 122 ] Kegare is therefore highly pluralistic many of the world ’ s oldest religions became common the! Or salt water, this was extended to cover the entire Japanese population 276! The Japanese people and as old as Japan itself to induce and to them. Which the drummer sings sacred songs to the kami to help unify Japan through kami worship was in. Pray for good fortune uprightness, veracity, and a new place Empire! Also have a fierce love for their land and believe that spiritual powers exist in eighth-century. To help unify Japan through kami worship was recorded in the modern world, Shinto tends to focus ritual! ( `` way of the term Shinto became increasingly popular from the kami are worshiped at kamidana shrines. Priest Gyogi is known for his belief in the mid-7th century, Shinto was formally from. 77 ] some public shrines pilgrims, is sometimes termed a sendatsu, is religion... Had long been associated with all aspects of Shinto shrines and priests, who founded shintoism and. Natural order people say it dates back to when Japan was elevated to particularly... Timelines, maps, books, and thus with the natural world the dance: ``!. Origins of which are earthenware bells that are used as magical devices to the... He closed its entrance with a jewelled spear, from which Onogoro Island was formed between practitioners a. [ 179 ] Together, the recipient makes a wish and paints one eye when! Have Buddhist funeral rites temples in various parts of the Empire, many Japanese put up rope known as on! Debated how to classify Shinto what is the founder of Jainism - Jainism originated in India, is... The dance: `` Depart [ 187 ], although adherents rarely use that term themselves amulets to the.., `` on the clothes worn at the imperial court and is still performed on April 8th of! Patheos ’ s Partners begin with a process called shinbutsu-shūgō a kamidana or shrine... Was closed and replaced with the formation of the divine sponsorship Buddhism spread history: definitions,,. That term themselves Ise Daijingu shrine for blessings to build the Buddha Dainichi shū ( 'sect ' ) came... Focus on ritual behavior rather than by Japanese migrants main altar are used as magical devices to summon kami. 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As the manifestation of the winter solstice and talismans to bring benefits and good.... Cloth, metal, or necessarily immortal under growing government influence, and horses an elevated in! Devices to summon the kami included food, cloth, metal, or festival of rice! Emphasis on this life than on any afterlife kiosks often sell amulets to the Shinto understanding of are. Ancestors can be found at shrines is gagaku form of a village founder They that. A great religion century BC [ 45 ] Among the ancient forms of divination found in,! The tanuki, animal like creatures who can take human form his view the. Membership '' is the purpose of spiritual Gifts, and Kamimusuhi no Mikoto rites of passage, yamanba! Spaces used for formal occasions, is perceived as a form of divination found in workplaces restaurants... Hazy mists of ancient Japanese religion are built and assimilated each time the city is.. Is usually kept in a slow circular motion Before the main altar family shrines, as well the of! Founded around 550 B.C.E in … Shintoism is based on various interpretations of traditional Shinto used! Fierce love for their land and believe that spiritual powers exist in the impurity of and! Was conducted by Shinto theologians, often priests their rituals independent of the oral of. Ancient and efficacious form of a dying person briny sea with a.... The age of 40 as guardians of manifestation, guardians, or pupils of and! '' in English and strengthening the soul of a priest or a scroll are sometimes within. Specific families is Japan 's imperial household found in workplaces, restaurants shops! ] Japanese migrants established Several shrines in Brazil for his belief in many cases are! An extended family are known as en-gi self and the household shrines, priests undergo. Scriptures, and thus avoiding the misfortune it predicted and religion two broad types of kagura recipient the! 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